outsourcing in the UK - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3203 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Chapter 3 1. Methodology The main objective of the research is to uncover the truth which is concealed and not been explored yet or which need to be explored more. The approach which is adopted to stumble on the truth is usually called the scientific procedure which helps in discovering the answer of questions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "outsourcing in the UK" essay for you Create order According to Kothari 2008 following are the some of main objectives of research. * To achieve new imminent and gain acquaintance with a phenomenon, it is also called an exploratory research. * To examine the relationship between variables through hypothesis testing, which is called a hypothesis testing research studies? * To describe the actual picture of the characteristic s of particular individual, situation or a group, this is termed as descriptive research. * To check the frequency of occurrence and the association of something with something else, this is called as diagnostic research. The philosophical and theoretical assumptions on which the research is based should not be neglected and should be taken under consideration during the research and adopting te methods and there implementations. (Saunders, et al., 2007). Research design is a structure or plane which guide in the collection and analysis of data as said by Churchill (1999). A research design shoul d be such which ensures that the research will be relevant to the problem under consideration and economical procedures used in it. On the other hand Parasuraman (1991), is of the view that exploratory research proposed to develop the basic structure and initial work which provide the directions for the future research. It helps in exploring the researchable sections in a particular sector. 1.1 Types of exploratory study: Exploratory study is divided into four main types, namely surveys; literature surveys; experience focus groups; and analysis of selected cases concludes Churchill (1999). Exploratory research is conducted through one of the following techniques as suggested by the Parasuraman. * Interviews with knowledgeable individuals to have an interview and talking with the experts of the area or situation which is under study or being investigated. The senior people who are being interviewed are from the identified organizations that is accountable for their specific identified roles in their organizations, their views and knowledge is taken as an experts views within researched field. * Focus group interviews It is focused and limited to some extent as it normally contain a group of about 8 to 12 people or respondents with whom topic is being discussed informally. * Analysis of secondary data The data that has already been collected for some sort of research and it is being use d by the researched on a secondary level. It is not a firsthand data. * Case study method A unit of interest has been selected in it and then whole of the study circulates around that it can be a salesperson, particular organization, customer or a market place. A case study will therefore not be used in this research. 1.2 Qualitative and Quantitative research There are two main techniques of a research qualitative and quantitative as proposed by Parasuraman 1991. Qualitative methods are used to a large extent in productive and constructive researches. There are several reasons for this as 1) it is easy to deal with the multiple realities by the help of qualitative research 2) as qualitative research hass to capacity to be adjusted by the various influences and values patterns which are to be come across in this field. (Tacconi, 1998). Methodologically the weight is on qualitative studies in this dissertation research. Quantitative data Qualitative data Dealed in the form of numbers Based on meanings expressed through words Results are collected in the form of numerical and standardized data Results are collected in the form of in non-standardized data which requires classification into categories Diagrams and statistics are used for the analysis purpose Analysis is conducted through the use of conceptualizatio n Source: Saunders M, Lewis P Thornhill A, (2000) There are various research methodologies in research process to select a suitable approach. How and why type of questions are to be asked during the research, ans it is used during the interview and in the questionnaire. This approach is most suited in the areas where knowledge building is in its influential stages. Case studies are very helpful in the formation of hypotheses and analyzing existing theory (Sarshar et al. 2002). The main difference between qualitative and quantitative is that quantitative methodologies explain the general characteristics of the population; it does not consider the sub-genres. The qualitative approach is based on samples of population; it measures the behavior and characteristics of the sample, after that this data is used for the generalizationof the population as a whole. Kidder and Judd (1986). Traditionally quantitative research examines the data in numbers; on the other hand qualitati ve research examines data in narrative or descriptive form. Easterby-Smith et al., (1991). There is need to recognize the difference between these two approaches to establish generalization. In quantitative research the basis for generalization is statistical, a sample is selected which allows the examination of the properties of population with the high degree of accuracy. Kinnear and Taylor, (1986). Author worked at one of the UKs top FMO Company; He has studied about the company in the light of research questions. Nature of the research in exploratory. 2. Methodological Approach Interaction with the respondents at their workplace become easy through executive interviews and exhibitions, it is also helpful in seeking clarifiaiton on some obvious and important issues on a particular topic. There is a sope for the researcher to understand the subject better. (Aaker, D et al, 2000). Qualitative approach using various existing past research work to identify the research emerging theme categories will be employed for the purpose. Other researchers have used this method when exploring in new uncharted waters. (Krippendorff, 1980). Data has been gathered through on-site interviews using audio aids (tape recorder) and notes, attending exhibition and supplying a short questionnaire to exhibitors to get required data. Telephone interview is also used as secondary option where personal interview was not possible. 3. Population Population represents a group of people or objects that are similar to one another in one or more ways or from the subject of study in a specific way as said by the Chisnall (1992). On the other hand Saunders et al. (2000) says that â€Å"the full set of cases from which a sample is taken is called the population†. In this research the basis of the population for the interview is the 5 top listed companies in FTSE 100 and the specific targeted designations of the populations within those organizations are FM managers and executive level designations. For the basis for questionnaires were executive level designations. 4. Sample If it is not possible to study the whole of the population then researcher takes the sample out of the related population which is most suited for the reserh. The sample should be a good representative of the population. According to Sudman and Blair (1998) a sample is the subset of a larger population. There are two main types of sampling design probability sampling and non probability sampling. Probability sampling use random process to select elements for the sample and give a known chance of being selected, while non-probability sampling where random process is not involved, elements are selected on the judgment and convenience. Sampling is a process to select a small part of the total population to give a judgment or conclusion about the whole of the population. In this research convenience sampling is most suitable, which the form of non-probability sampling. In this sampling technique, elements of the population that are conveniently available will form part of the sample . As the population is big, it is very impractical to include all organizations in the sample and therefore a convenience sampling has been chosen, as it is quick and inexpensive. 5. Data collection Methods While conducting a research data collection is a very critical part. Whole of the research depends upon this part as the final conclusion is drawn on its bases. Gathering of data ranges from a very simple observation at one place to a pretentious survey of multiple corporations around the world. The selected method will determine how the data is collected. There are various devise to record the raw data including Questionnaires, standardised tests, observational forms, laboratory notes and instrument calibration logs as said by the (Cooper Schindler, 2006). Following data collection techniques has been used to conduct the research:- 5.1. Exhibition Data collected through exhibition provides good opportunity to meet with facilities management companys representatives and to get the data through observation, available printed material and informal interviews. Total Workplace Management, the UKs largest exhibition for facilities and estates management, has took place on 7-8 October 2009 at London Olympia with association of BIFM (British Institute of Facilities Management). Its is an interactive forum sourcing the latest products and services, this was the perfect time to take the opportunity to network with peers, FM experts and to meet the editorial and commercial teams from FM World. Total 97 companies (including FM and related business) were participated in the event, in which 37 were FM companies. (Total Workplace Management, 2009). 5.2. Interview It is the method of data collection which involves direct interaction with the respondent. There is a direct intersection between the interviewer and the respondent. It has many characteristics which are helpful for the interviewer to collect complete precise and to some extent accurate information. Clarification of questions by giving feed back is also helpful in this method. (Zikmund, 2003). Interview has been conducted with 5 FM professionals of different companies to learn about their views and experiences in facilities management outsourcing in light of the research questions. People visiting â€Å"Total Workplace Management 2009† exhibition were also been approached to find out reasons behind their visit, most of them were belong to the companies interested in outsourcing their FM department. I had took short informal interview that provided me grounds to find out the factors those companies considers outsourcing their FM department (Total Workplace Management, 2 009). 5.3. Survey It is consisted of the cross-sectional design relevet to the required data mainly by questionnaire or by structured interview. (Bryman, Alan. Bell, Emma, 2008). According to Cooper and Emroy (1995) there are two methods of gathering primary data: observing and surveying. Through observation researcher observes the conditions, people, events or processes. Other then observation a researcher can question or survey the people about the topic being researched. In surveying the researcher asks the questions to the people and records their responses for the analysis and final conclusion. Surveys are much more efficient and economical as compared to the observations. Observation involves a lot of time and physical presene of the researcher all the time but on the other hand surveys can be carried out by direct interviews, mail, telephone or by combination of all these. The most appropriate method of gathering data for this study has been that of a survey using a questionnaire. As i t was not easy to observe opinions and expectations of people, but has collected the imminent of their expectations through the questionnaires. Telephone interviews on the other hand are cheap and has been fast to reach the dispersed sample. 5.3.1 Questionnaire design According to Parasuraman (1991) the questionnaire is a set of questions designed to gather necessary information for accomplishing the objectives of a research study. On the basis of their structure there are four main types of questionnaires. o Structured-undisguised questionnaires In this form of questionnaire the questions are presented to the respondents in exactly the same wording and in same order. The reason for this is to ensure that all the respondents reply to the same question. o Unstructured-undisguised questionnaires it is the form o f questionnaire that allows respondents to give their opinions about some particulat question. This is open-ended type of questionnaire in which purpose of the study is very clear. o Unstructured-disguised questionnaire it is the kind of motivational research. Whole of the motivational research has been conducted through this type of questionnaire. o Structured-disguised questionnaires this type of questionnaire is used to secure the advantages of disguise in revealing subconscious motives and attitudes along with the advantages of coding and tabulation, common to structured approaches. In this research a structured undisguised questionnaire is used for the survey for standardization and to ensure that all the people interviewed respond to similar questions. This helps the author in getting different responses for the same question which outputs constructive and clear results. Please refer to Annexure A for the questionnaire used in this study. 5.3.2 Question construction In view of the Parasuraman (1991), there are two types of questions: non-structured or open-ended questions; and structured or fixed response questions. With open-ended questions, respondents are free to answer in their own words or to give their opinion about the certain question. Structured questions have fixed response categories from which the respondents can choose answers. Both type of questions has been used by the researchers open or closed. There can be some open or some close ended questions in a reasearh depending upon the nature of the question. For the telephonic interview where respondent cant see the questioner by him/her self, it is very important to structure the questions simply and clearly. In designing of the open-ended questions extra care must be taken. A questionnaire was designed to conduct surveys and was provided to the FM Companys representatives at the â€Å"Total Workplace Management 2009† exhibition. And got 13 filled. A questionnaire was also designed using Google documents to conduct online survey. I sent survey questionnaires to FM managers and professionals through google spreadsheet and received 13 replies (Total Workplace Management, 2009). I used different sources to approach FM professionals e.g. BIFM (British Institute of Facility Management) members directory, Linedin.com, FMlink.com and other FM related forums. 6. Validity and reliability After the data collection the most important part is to check its validity and reliability. According to Cooper and Emroy (1985), â€Å"There are three major criteria for evaluating a measurement tool. They are validity, reliability, and practicality†. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it actually is supposed to measure. Reliability refers to the exactness and precision of a measurement procedure. Practicality looks at a number of factors of economy, convenience, and interpretability. 6.1 Validity For the esurience of the validity of the measurement tool, questionnaire should be introduced by the researcher to the respondents which also explain the purpose of the study as proposed by the Cooper and Emroy (1985). Closed questions limit the freedom of using own words to keep the research direction in the right way. For establishing the validity of the questionnaire pre-test is very helpful. 6.2 Reliability Cooper and Emroy (1985) maintain that reliability means many things to many people, but in most contexts, the notion of consistency emerges. A measure is reliable to the degree that it supplies consistent results. Reliability is a contributor to validity and is a necessary but not sufficient condition for validity. Reliability is concerned with estimates of the degree to which a measurement is free of random or unstable error†. According to them the reliable instruments work well under different conditions and at different times. These instruments can be used with the confidence as the situational factors do not interfere in it. Reliability is an element of validity as said by the Cooper and Emroy (1985). Reliability can be ensured by asking the short, to the point and simple questions to the respondents. Internal consistency is used to minimize the chances of respondents supplying incorrect information that could affect the reliability of the questionnaire, it is also a quic k and cost effective method of testing the reliability of a questionnaire. 7. Limitation Scope Defining the Facilities Management market in the UK is problematic. No single FTSE listing or SIC code applies. Many of the perceived main players are subsidiaries of other groups and the activities tendered range from large PFI or Corporate PFI deals, some of which involve transfer of significant property assets, to requests for the provision of single services. A recent trend (see below) has been for construction companies to seek to relist themselves or their FM subsidiaries as service providers on the London Stock Exchange, driven by the perception that investors attach a premium to the services sector. The market developed organically as the term FM came into use in the early 1990. In some cases, existing providers of various outsourced support services chose simply to label themselves as offering FM (Green and Price, 2000). The study is limited to the progress of the facilities management outsourcing in the UK, its a comparatively new field and previous research is limited . Limited time was available to complete the project. Some interviews were conducted through phone because of limited time and limited financial resources available. There is limited research available on the topic so it is an opportunity to explore the area and provide a ground to future researchers. 8. Data Analysis Analysis of data is the main part of the research, as whole of the conclusion of research depends upon this part. It is an ongoing process which involves the translation of the interviews according to the desired information and the data collected before now is going to be numbered or digitalised. According to Merriam (1998) the data collection and data analysis at one time is the right way to do in qualitative research. It helps in focusing and reshaping the study as the researching is proceeding further by the close analysis of the data and accurate study of the information collected. Data analysis will be done on all the collected information whether through interview, questionnaire or observation. In data analysis process focus should be given on the individual which will help in in-depth study of each FM company. The interpretation of the individual case should be done while keeping the research question of the study in mind. The idea of using technology helps to access, manage, shape and analyse detailed textual, audio and visual information. I have used MS-Word as a word processor, MS-Excel as a spreadsheet, dopdf printer software to convert data in the pdf file format, in case of data disruption in MS word, I could use backup. For flowcharts SmartDraw is used. 9. Ethical consideration According to Beauchamp and Bowie (1997). There are various ethical codes of conduct that regulate researchers behavior. These codes discuss the issues which might arise during the research or the other related issues which are associated with professional practices. There are a number of different approaches for examining ethics and values within the ethics discipline. According to Lo, Bernard OConnell, Mary. (2005) the two philosophical approaches that relate closely to the discussion of student research ethics are deontological and teleological philosophies. Deontological philosophies focus on the factors or means used to arrive at an ethical decision as said by the Skinner, Ferrell, and Dubinsky (1988). These philosophies stress moral obligations or commitments that should be kept in mind or necessary for the proper conduct of the research. A deontological approach means that one should not harm participants in any way, whatever the potential benefit are there. On the other hand, teleological philosophies accentuate the consequences that result from an action. In short, they deal with the moral worth of the behavior as determined totally by the consequences of the behavior. The research is acceptable if the evaluation says that the benefits of the research outweigh the cost to participants.

Oedipus Victim Of Fate Essay - 876 Words

Is Oedipus a victim of fate or does he possess free will? Explain your reasoning. Do you think free will is a reality or an allusion? I find Oedipus to be a victim of fate rather than having free will. â€Å"()†. Free will could be seen to be more of an illusion than a reality. People and society like to make you think you have control over your own life while in you really do not. While it seems he could have tried harder maybe vowing to never sleep with a women or to never kill a man but is what the play wanted you to think (). He was born damned, to suffer due to his given destiny. Man is to weak to change fate found in this quote by Teiresias â€Å"...the wretch Who murdered Laius--that man is here. He passes for an alien in the land But soon†¦show more content†¦This flaw was his ultimate downfall in (). Merely being human can be a fatal flaw to Oedipus in that he carries himself like a god but was hit by (). His quick temper(). The motif of blindness is used rampantly throughout Oedipus Rex. In what ways was Oedipus blind? In what ways are we (society, individuals) blind? Do we want to see? Oedipus was blind in the ways of the true life he was living and the (). No one wants to really see the ugly truth, in modern day society we hid it omelas can also be an example of this with the abused boy hidden away. His determination is another thing which blinds him. Aristotle considered Oedipus to be the penultimate tragic hero. Obviously his situation is tragic, but is he truly heroic? If so, how? If not, why not? I do not consider Oedipus to be heroic in any sense. He may have perceived himself as a hero with his inflated ego and gave off the sense he cared so much for his people holds up nothing when comparing his actions to his words. Actions speak louder than words and within the play he speaks a lot to feed his ego and generate a mask of care towards his people while all he apparently did in the past was answer the riddle of the sphinx which leaned more to self serving in that it made him the king. The main problem of the plague within Thebes which begins this story ultimately becomes a selfish quest as well in the sense that he was uncoveringShow MoreRelatedIs Oedipus a Victim of Fate? Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesFate the un-avoidable Throughout the vast history of literature, various concepts have come and gone. The idea of fate or fatalism has been a concept that has survived the test of time. Numerous characters have succumbed to the power of fate and the character of Oedipus from Sophocles’ Oedipus the King is a prime example of the vast power of fate within literature. 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It may be concluded, however, that man has free will and is ultimately held responsible for his own actions.    Oedipus destruction was brought about by a combination of fate and freeRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Driven by Fate1105 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Fate in Oedipus Rex Before we approach this complex question inductively, we are at first obliged to contemplate what definitions and assumptions are being made. This essay, perhaps more so than others, requires a more extensive look at this aspect of the question, because of the sheer variety of possible responses. However, I now have reduced them to three possibilities. Firstly, we could make the assumption that perhaps as destiny controls all fates, then Oedipus character wasRead MoreOedipus The King The Concept Of Fate Came Up All Through The Play1302 Words   |  6 Pagesto deal with a person’s fate. There will be obstacles that may deter a person’s future. 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The Lost Symbol Chapter 132-133 Free Essays

string(97) " many frescoes in the world fused scientific inventions with mythical gods and human apotheosis\." CHAPTER 132 Katherine Solomon’s heart felt light as she hurried up the hill toward the base of the Washington Monument. She had endured great shock and tragedy tonight, and yet her thoughts were refocused now, if only temporarily, on the wonderful news Peter had shared with her earlier . . We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Symbol Chapter 132-133 or any similar topic only for you Order Now . news she had just confirmed with her very own eyes. My research is safe. All of it. Her lab’s holographic data drives had been destroyed tonight, but earlier, at the House of the Temple, Peter had informed her that he had been secretly keeping backups of all her Noetic research in the SMSC executive offices. You know I’m utterly fascinated with your work, he had explained, and I wanted to follow your progress without disturbing you. â€Å"Katherine?† a deep voice called out. She looked up. A lone figure stood in silhouette at the base of the illuminated monument. â€Å"Robert!† She hurried over and hugged him. â€Å"I heard the good news,† Langdon whispered. â€Å"You must be relieved.† Her voice cracked with emotion. â€Å"Incredibly.† The research Peter had saved was a scientific tour de force–a massive collection of experiments that proved human thought was a real and measurable force in the world. Katherine’s experiments demonstrated the effect of human thought on everything from ice crystals to random-event generators to the movement of subatomic particles. The results were conclusive and irrefutable, with the potential to transform skeptics into believers and affect global consciousness on a massive scale. â€Å"Everything is going to change, Robert. Everything.† â€Å"Peter certainly thinks so.† Katherine glanced around for her brother. â€Å"Hospital,† Langdon said. â€Å"I insisted he go as a favor to me.† Katherine exhaled, relieved. â€Å"Thank you.† â€Å"He told me to wait for you here.† Katherine nodded, her gaze climbing the glowing white obelisk. â€Å"He said he was bringing you here. Something about `Laus Deo’? He didn’t elaborate.† Langdon gave a tired chuckle. â€Å"I’m not sure I entirely understand it myself.† He glanced up at the top of the monument. â€Å"Your brother said quite a few things tonight that I couldn’t get my mind around.† â€Å"Let me guess,† Katherine said. â€Å"Ancient Mysteries, science, and the Holy Scriptures?† â€Å"Bingo.† â€Å"Welcome to my world.† She winked. â€Å"Peter initiated me into this long ago. It fueled a lot of my research.† â€Å"Intuitively, some of what he said made sense.† Langdon shook his head. â€Å"But intellectually . . .† Katherine smiled and put her arm around him. â€Å"You know, Robert, I may be able to help you with that.† Deep inside the Capitol Building, Architect Warren Bellamy was walking down a deserted hallway. Only one thing left to do tonight, he thought. When he arrived at his office, he retrieved a very old key from his desk drawer. The key was black iron, long and slender, with faded markings. He slid it into his pocket and then prepared himself to welcome his guests. Robert Langdon and Katherine Solomon were on their way to the Capitol. At Peter’s request, Bellamy was to provide them with a very rare opportunity–the chance to lay eyes upon this building’s most magnificent secret . . . something that could be revealed only by the Architect. CHAPTER 133 High above the floor of the Capitol Rotunda, Robert Langdon inched nervously around the circular catwalk that extended just beneath the ceiling of the dome. He peered tentatively over the railing, dizzied by the height, still unable to believe it had been less than ten hours since Peter’s hand had appeared in the middle of the floor below. On that same floor, the Architect of the Capitol was now a tiny speck some hundred and eighty feet below, moving steadily across the Rotunda and then disappearing. Bellamy had escorted Langdon and Katherine up to this balcony, leaving them here with very specific instructions. Peter’s instructions. Langdon eyed the old iron key that Bellamy had handed to him. Then he glanced over at a cramped stairwell that ascended from this level . . . climbing higher still. God help me. These narrow stairs, according to the Architect, led up to a small metal door that could be unlocked with the iron key in Langdon’s hand. Beyond the door lay something that Peter insisted Langdon and Katherine see. Peter had not elaborated, but rather had left strict instructions regarding the precise hour at which the door was to be opened. We have to wait to open the door? Why? Langdon checked his watch again and groaned. Slipping the key into his pocket, he gazed across the gaping void before him at the far side of the balcony. Katherine had walked fearlessly ahead, apparently unfazed by the height. She was now halfway around the circumference, admiring every inch of Brumidi’s The Apotheosis of Washington, which loomed directly over their heads. From this rare vantage point, the fifteen- foot-tall figures that adorned the nearly five thousand square feet of the Capitol Dome were visible in astonishing detail. Langdon turned his back to Katherine, faced the outer wall, and whispered very quietly, â€Å"Katherine, this is your conscience speaking. Why did you abandon Robert?† Katherine was apparently familiar with the dome’s startling acoustical properties . . . because the wall whispered back. â€Å"Because Robert is being a chicken. He should come over here with me. We have plenty of time before we’re allowed to open that door.† Langdon knew she was right and reluctantly made his way around the balcony, hugging the wall as he went. â€Å"This ceiling is absolutely amazing,† Katherine marveled, her neck craned to take in the enormous splendor of the Apotheosis overhead. â€Å"Mythical gods all mixed in with scientific inventors and their creations? And to think this is the image at the center of our Capitol.† Langdon turned his eyes upward to the sprawling forms of Franklin, Fulton, and Morse with their technological inventions. A shining rainbow arched away from these figures, guiding his eye to George Washington ascending to heaven on a cloud. The great promise of man becoming God. Katherine said, â€Å"It’s as if the entire essence of the Ancient Mysteries is hovering over the Rotunda.† Langdon had to admit, not many frescoes in the world fused scientific inventions with mythical gods and human apotheosis. You read "The Lost Symbol Chapter 132-133" in category "Essay examples" This ceiling’s spectacular collection of images was indeed a message of the Ancient Mysteries, and it was here for a reason. The founding fathers had envisioned America as a blank canvas, a fertile field on which the seeds of the mysteries could be sown. Today, this soaring icon–the father of our country ascending to heaven–hung silently above our lawmakers, leaders, and presidents . . . a bold reminder, a map to the future, a promise of a time when man would evolve to complete spiritual maturity. â€Å"Robert,† Katherine whispered, her gaze still fixated on the massive figures of America’s great inventors accompanied by Minerva. â€Å"It’s prophetic, really. Today, man’s most advanced inventions are being used to study man’s most ancient ideas. The science of Noetics may be new, but it’s actually the oldest science on earth–the study of human thought.† She turned to him now, her eyes filled with wonder. â€Å"And we’re learning that the ancients actually understood thought more profoundly than we do today.† â€Å"Makes sense,† Langdon replied. â€Å"The human mind was the only technology the ancients had at their disposal. The early philosophers studied it relentlessly.† â€Å"Yes! The ancient texts are obsessed with the power of the human mind. The Vedas describe the flow of mind energy. The Pistis Sophia describes universal consciousness. The Zohar explores the nature of mind spirit. The Shamanic texts predict Einstein’s `remote influence’ in terms of healing at a distance. It’s all there! And don’t even get me started about the Bible.† â€Å"You, too?† Langdon said, chuckling. â€Å"Your brother tried to convince me that the Bible is encoded with scientific information.† â€Å"It certainly is,† she said. â€Å"And if you don’t believe Peter, read some of Newton’s esoteric texts on the Bible. When you start to understand the cryptic parables in the Bible, Robert, you realize it’s a study of the human mind.† Langdon shrugged. â€Å"I guess I’d better go back and read it again.† â€Å"Let me ask you something,† she said, clearly not appreciating his skepticism. â€Å"When the Bible tells us to `go build our temple’ . . . a temple that we must `build with no tools and making no noise,’ what temple do you think it’s talking about?† â€Å"Well, the text does say your body is a temple.† â€Å"Yes, Corinthians 3:16. You are the temple of God.† She smiled at him. â€Å"And the Gospel of John says the exact same thing. Robert, the Scriptures are well aware of the power latent within us, and they are urging us to harness that power . . . urging us to build the temples of our minds.† â€Å"Unfortunately, I think much of the religious world is waiting for a real temple to be rebuilt. It’s part of the Messianic Prophecy.† â€Å"Yes, but that overlooks an important point. The Second Coming is the coming of man–the moment when mankind finally builds the temple of his mind.† â€Å"I don’t know,† Langdon said, rubbing his chin. â€Å"I’m no Bible scholar, but I’m pretty sure the Scriptures describe in detail a physical temple that needs to be built. The structure is described as being in two parts–an outer temple called the Holy Place and an inner sanctuary called the Holy of Holies. The two parts are separated from each other by a thin veil.† Katherine grinned. â€Å"Pretty good recall for a Bible skeptic. By the way, have you ever seen an actual human brain? It’s built in two parts–an outer part called the dura mater and an inner part called the pia mater. These two parts are separated by the arachnoid–a veil of weblike tissue.† Langdon cocked his head in surprise. Gently, she reached up and touched Langdon’s temple. â€Å"There’s a reason they call this your temple, Robert.† As Langdon tried to process what Katherine had said, he flashed unexpectedly on the gnostic Gospel of Mary: Where the mind is, there is the treasure. â€Å"Perhaps you’ve heard,† Katherine said, softly now, â€Å"about the brain scans taken of yogis while they meditate? The human brain, in advanced states of focus, will physically create a waxlike substance from the pineal gland. This brain secretion is unlike anything else in the body. It has an incredible healing effect, can literally regenerate cells, and may be one of the reasons yogis live so long. This is real science, Robert. This substance has inconceivable properties and can be created only by a mind that is highly tuned to a deeply focused state.† â€Å"I remember reading about that a few years back.† â€Å"Yes, and on that topic, you’re familiar with the Bible’s account of `manna from heaven’?† Langdon saw no connection. â€Å"You mean the magical substance that fell from heaven to nourish the hungry?† â€Å"Exactly. The substance was said to heal the sick, provide everlasting life, and, strangely, cause no waste in those who consumed it.† Katherine paused, as if waiting for him to understand. â€Å"Robert?† she prodded. â€Å"A kind of nourishment that fell from heaven?† She tapped her temple. â€Å"Magically heals the body? Creates no waste? Don’t you see? These are code words, Robert! Temple is code for `body.’ Heaven is code for `mind.’ Jacob’s ladder is your spine. And manna is this rare brain secretion. When you see these code words in Scripture, pay attention. They are often markers for a more profound meaning concealed beneath the surface.† Katherine’s words were coming out in rapid-fire succession now, explaining how this same magical substance appeared throughout the Ancient Mysteries: Nectar of the Gods, Elixir of Life, Fountain of Youth, Philosopher’s Stone, ambrosia, dew, ojas, soma. Then she launched into an explanation about the brain’s pineal gland representing the all-seeing eye of God. â€Å"According to Matthew 6:22,† she said excitedly, † `when your eye is single, your body fills with light.’ This concept is also represented by the Ajna chakra and the dot on a Hindu’s forehead, which–â€Å" Katherine stopped short, looking sheepish. â€Å"Sorry . . . I know I’m rambling. I just find this all so exhilarating. For years I’ve studied the ancients’ claims of man’s awesome mental power, and now science is showing us that accessing that power is an actual physical process. Our brains, if used correctly, can call forth powers that are quite literally superhuman. The Bible, like many ancient texts, is a detailed exposition of the most sophisticated machine ever created . . . the human mind.† She sighed. â€Å"Incredibly, science has yet to scratch the surface of the mind’s full promise.† â€Å"It sounds like your work in Noetics will be a quantum leap forward.† â€Å"Or backward,† she said. â€Å"The ancients already knew many of the scientific truths we’re now rediscovering. Within a matter of years, modern man will be forced to accept what is now unthinkable: our minds can generate energy capable of transforming physical matter.† She paused. â€Å"Particles react to our thoughts . . . which means our thoughts have the power to change the world.† Langdon smiled softly. â€Å"What my research has brought me to believe is this,† Katherine said. â€Å"God is very real–a mental energy that pervades everything. And we, as human beings, have been created in that image–â€Å" â€Å"I’m sorry?† Langdon interrupted. â€Å"Created in the image of . . . mental energy?† â€Å"Exactly. Our physical bodies have evolved over the ages, but it was our minds that were created in the image of God. We’ve been reading the Bible too literally. We learn that God created us in his image, but it’s not our physical bodies that resemble God, it’s our minds.† Langdon was silent now, fully engrossed. â€Å"This is the great gift, Robert, and God is waiting for us to understand it. All around the world, we are gazing skyward, waiting for God . . . never realizing that God is waiting for us.† Katherine paused, letting her words soak in. â€Å"We are creators, and yet we naively play the role of `the created.’ We see ourselves as helpless sheep buffeted around by the God who made us. We kneel like frightened children, begging for help, for forgiveness, for good luck. But once we realize that we are truly created in the Creator’s image, we will start to understand that we, too, must be Creators. When we understand this fact, the doors will burst wide open for human potential.† Langdon recalled a passage that had always stuck with him from the work of the philosopher Manly P. Hall: If the infinite had not desired man to be wise, he would not have bestowed upon him the faculty of knowing. Langdon gazed up again at the image of The Apotheosis of Washington–the symbolic ascent of man to deity. The created . . . becoming the Creator. â€Å"The most amazing part,† Katherine said, â€Å"is that as soon as we humans begin to harness our true power, we will have enormous control over our world. We will be able to design reality rather than merely react to it.† Langdon lowered his gaze. â€Å"That sounds . . . dangerous.† Katherine looked startled . . . and impressed. â€Å"Yes, exactly! If thoughts affect the world, then we must be very careful how we think. Destructive thoughts have influence, too, and we all know it’s far easier to destroy than it is to create.† Langdon thought of all the lore about needing to protect the ancient wisdom from the unworthy and share it only with the enlightened. He thought of the Invisible College, and the great scientist Isaac Newton’s request to Robert Boyle to keep â€Å"high silence† about their secret research. It cannot be communicated, Newton wrote in 1676, without immense damage to the world. â€Å"There’s an interesting twist here,† Katherine said. â€Å"The great irony is that all the religions of the world, for centuries, have been urging their followers to embrace the concepts of faith and belief. Now science, which for centuries has derided religion as superstition, must admit that its next big frontier is quite literally the science of faith and belief . . . the power of focused conviction and intention. The same science that eroded our faith in the miraculous is now building a bridge back across the chasm it created.† Langdon considered her words for a long time. Slowly he raised his eyes again to the Apotheosis. â€Å"I have a question,† he said, looking back at Katherine. â€Å"Even if I could accept, just for an instant, that I have the power to change physical matter with my mind, and literally manifest all that I desire . . . I’m afraid I see nothing in my life to make me believe I have such power.† She shrugged. â€Å"Then you’re not looking hard enough.† â€Å"Come on, I want a real answer. That’s the answer of a priest. I want the answer of a scientist.† â€Å"You want a real answer? Here it is. If I hand you a violin and say you have the capability to use it to make incredible music, I am not lying. You do have the capability, but you’ll need enormous amounts of practice to manifest it. This is no different from learning to use your mind, Robert. Well-directed thought is a learned skill. To manifest an intention requires laserlike focus, full sensory visualization, and a profound belief. We have proven this in a lab. And just like playing a violin, there are people who exhibit greater natural ability than others. Look to history. Look to the stories of those enlightened minds who performed miraculous feats.† â€Å"Katherine, please don’t tell me you actually believe in the miracles. I mean, seriously . . . turning water into wine, healing the sick with the touch of a hand?† Katherine took a long breath and blew it out slowly. â€Å"I have witnessed people transform cancer cells into healthy cells simply by thinking about them. I have witnessed human minds affecting the physical world in myriad ways. And once you see that happen, Robert, once this becomes part of your reality, then some of the miracles you read about become simply a matter of degree.† Langdon was pensive. â€Å"It’s an inspiring way to see the world, Katherine, but for me, it just feels like an impossible leap of faith. And as you know, faith has never come easily for me.† â€Å"Then don’t think of it as faith. Think of it simply as changing your perspective, accepting that the world is not precisely as you imagine. Historically, every major scientific breakthrough began with a simple idea that threatened to overturn all of our beliefs. The simple statement `the earth is round’ was mocked as utterly impossible because most people believed the oceans would flow off the planet. Heliocentricity was called heresy. Small minds have always lashed out at what they don’t understand. There are those who create . . . and those who tear down. That dynamic has existed for all time. But eventually the creators find believers, and the number of believers reaches a critical mass, and suddenly the world becomes round, or the solar system becomes heliocentric. Perception is transformed, and a new reality is born.† Langdon nodded, his thoughts drifting now. â€Å"You have a funny look on your face,† she said. â€Å"Oh, I don’t know. For some reason I was just remembering how I used to canoe out into the middle of the lake late at night, lie down under the stars, and think about stuff like this.† She nodded knowingly. â€Å"I think we all have a similar memory. Something about lying on our backs staring up at the heavens . . . opens the mind.† She glanced up at the ceiling and then said, â€Å"Give me your jacket.† â€Å"What?† He took it off and gave it to her. She folded it twice and laid it down on the catwalk like a long pillow. â€Å"Lie down.† Langdon lay on his back, and Katherine positioned his head on half of the folded jacket. Then she lay down beside him–two kids, shoulder to shoulder on the narrow catwalk, staring up at Brumidi’s enormous fresco. â€Å"Okay,† she whispered. â€Å"Put yourself in that same mind-set . . . a kid lying out in a canoe . . . looking up at the stars . . . his mind open and full of wonder.† Langdon tried to obey, although at the moment, prone and comfortable, he was feeling a sudden wave of exhaustion. As his vision blurred, he perceived a muted shape overhead that immediately woke him. Is that possible? He could not believe he hadn’t noticed it before, but the figures in The Apotheosis of Washington were clearly arranged in two concentric rings–a circle within a circle. The Apotheosis is also a circumpunct? Langdon wondered what else he had missed tonight. â€Å"There’s something important I want to tell you, Robert. There’s another piece to all this . . . a piece that I believe is the single most astonishing aspect of my research.† There’s more? Katherine propped herself on her elbow. â€Å"And I promise . . . if we as humans can honestly grasp this one simple truth . . . the world will change overnight.† She now had his full attention. â€Å"I should preface this,† she said, â€Å"by reminding you of the Masonic mantras to `gather what is scattered’ . . . to bring `order from chaos’ . . . to find `at-one-ment.’ â€Å" â€Å"Go on.† Langdon was intrigued. Katherine smiled down at him. â€Å"We have scientifically proven that the power of human thought grows exponentially with the number of minds that share that thought.† Langdon remained silent, wondering where she was going with this idea. â€Å"What I’m saying is this . . . two heads are better than one . . . and yet two heads are not twice better, they are many, many times better. Multiple minds working in unison magnify a thought’s effect . . . exponentially. This is the inherent power of prayer groups, healing circles, singing in unison, and worshipping en masse. The idea of universal consciousness is no ethereal New Age concept. It’s a hard-core scientific reality . . . and harnessing it has the potential to transform our world. This is the underlying discovery of Noetic Science. What’s more, it’s happening right now. You can feel it all around you. Technology is linking us in ways we never imagined possible: Twitter, Google, Wikipedia, and others–all blend to create a web of interconnected minds.† She laughed. â€Å"And I guarantee you, as soon as I publish my work, the Twitterati will all be sending tweets that say, `learning about Noetics,’ and interest i n this science will explode exponentially.† Langdon’s eyelids felt impossibly heavy. â€Å"You know, I still haven’t learned how to send a twitter.† â€Å"A tweet,† she corrected, laughing. â€Å"I’m sorry?† â€Å"Never mind. Close your eyes. I’ll wake you when it’s time.† Langdon realized he had all but forgotten the old key the Architect had given them . . . and why they had come up here. As a new wave of exhaustion engulfed him, Langdon shut his eyes. In the darkness of his mind, he found himself thinking about universal consciousness . . . about Plato’s writings on â€Å"the mind of the world† and â€Å"gathering God† . . . Jung’s â€Å"collective unconscious.† The notion was as simple as it was startling. God is found in the collection of Many . . . rather than in the One. â€Å"Elohim,† Langdon said suddenly, his eyes flying open again as he made an unexpected connection. â€Å"I’m sorry?† Katherine was still gazing down at him. â€Å"Elohim,† he repeated. â€Å"The Hebrew word for God in the Old Testament! I’ve always wondered about it.† Katherine gave a knowing smile. â€Å"Yes. The word is plural.† Exactly! Langdon had never understood why the very first passages of the Bible referred to God as a plural being. Elohim. The Almighty God in Genesis was described not as One . . . but as Many. â€Å"God is plural,† Katherine whispered, â€Å"because the minds of man are plural.† Langdon’s thoughts were spiraling now . . . dreams, memories, hopes, fears, revelations . . . all swirling above him in the Rotunda dome. As his eyes began to close again, he found himself staring at three words in Latin, painted within the Apotheosis. E PLURIBUS UNUM. â€Å"Out of many, one,† he thought, slipping off into sleep. How to cite The Lost Symbol Chapter 132-133, Essay examples

Marion Isaac McClinton listening for the music Essay Example For Students

Marion Isaac McClinton: listening for the music Essay Theatre is not only a profession for playwright, actor and director Marion Isaac McClintonhe readily acknowledges that it saved his life. It kept me sane, he says. It kept me focused. It was something I could look at and say it was positive. This Minneapolis-based artist, a former drug user and alcoholic who dropped out of high school to experiment with life, relaxes while sipping tea and reminisces about days when things did not look so promising. One night after a wild excursion, I concluded I had to do something quick or Id be dead before I was 25. That something came about by chance the next day when he answered a newspaper ad, auditioned for The River Niger and got the part of Chips. That began his commitment to the theatre, which ultimately gave him the impetus to put his life back together. The eyes have it McClintonan imposing figure, standing over six feet with broad shouldershas a serendipitous temperament, a robust laugh and a booming voice well suited to the stage. His animated face is ideal for a gamut of roles, but his eyes tell the intimate story of his life: they reveal passion, troubled times, conviction and an innate wisdom beyond his 38 years. Despite his fortuitous start in the theatre, there was nothing impulsive in McClintons desire to act. He vividly recalls being enthralled by movies starring Marlon Brando and Sidney Poitier as an adolescent, and acting out roles to amuse friends and family members. But McClinton did not hit his stride as an actor until he was invited to become a member of St. Pauls Penumbra Theatre Company. Something very special happened in the late 70s in the Twin Cities, he says. You can call it a harmonic convergence. We had found something new and were discovering something inside ourselvesand it was exciting and challenging and we stayed with it through the highs and lows. There were years when we worked for freesometimes 14 hours a day, overcoming unbearable obstacles. There are a lot of actors, designers and directors who left blood on that stage from smashing their thumbs. McClinton spent years expanding and honing his craft as a journeyman actor, literally accepting any role that came his way. Marions acting, like all good art, is created out of special circumstances, reflects Penumbra artistic director Lou Bellamy, who has steered McClinton through scores of productions. He goes for the physical rather than the verbal gymnastics. He looks for the physicality in his choice; and he instinctively spots the rhythms, nuances and gestures that reveal those physical qualities. It was when he turned to directing that McClinton quickly learned the danger involved in diving into deep water without knowing how to swim. I secured the rights to this play, I won the battle to direct it, but when I started to study the play it didnt make sense, he recalls. Thats when I realized what I was dealing with in Waiting for Godot. I looked at the cast and they looked at me, and I thought, What the hell did I get myself into? Then one day we were doing Luckys speech and the music clicked. I realized everything about the speech fit the African-American experience. And that was my foundation. Big whopping lies After years of dividing his time between acting and directing, McClinton decided to try on yet another hat for size. I was getting older and began to realize that I had something particular I wanted to say, McClinton notes. Influenced by friend and neighbor August Wilson, McClinton penned Walkersa taut drama that explores racism and its negative effects when a policeman goes berserk and kills his wife and childrenwhich earned him a 1989 Off-Broadway production at the now-defunct Hudson Guild Theatre. More recently, his Police Boys, a penetrating drama of urban gang violence, garnered critical kudos and enthusiastic audiences at Baltimores Center Stageand an invitation to serve as the theatres playwright-in-residence, a project to be supported over the next two years by a major grant from the National Theatre Artist Residency Program funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts and administered by Theatre Communications Group. .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea , .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .postImageUrl , .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea , .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea:hover , .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea:visited , .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea:active { border:0!important; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea:active , .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ad2009a2a481ed14768e81f2c1c93ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Memories of a revolution. (revival of art and culture in Ukraine) EssayDuring the residency, McClinton will focus on developing a new play, The Authentic Story and Most Original Adventures of the One and Only Hannibal Jim as Told to Samuel Clemens, an epic retelling of Huckleberry Finn which the playwright describes as a fantastic adventure which includes famous people from history, folktale legends sprung to life, horrifying mystical encounters with the dreaded Night Riders, and big whopping lies that explain the truth and who owns it. Grateful to have survived beyond his 25th birthday, McClinton now reaps the benefits of his years of labor. Although he says he would like nothing more than to spend more time with his wife and three-year-old son, taking time off in the near future seems unlikely. He is slated to direct three plays this year, and two of his own works (Hunters of the Soul at Pillsbury House Theatre and Enlightenments on an Enchanted Island at the Illusion Theater) will be presented in Minneapolis this summer. When we spoke McClinton was preparing for his next directing venture, Borders of Loyalty by Michael Henry Brown, an incendiary exploration of racism and anger which was set to open at Maines Portland Stage Company in March. You see, I have to hear some kind of music that connects me to the script, he ventures. Music is very spiritualit connects me emotionally. When you work on a script of Michaels you must be preparedthere is no half-stepping. I havent heard the music yet because Michael is thinking of changing the ending and, if he does, it might change the tone. But when I hear that music, then I know Im onto something.

Performance Appraisal System

Introduction In business organizations, employees are among the most valuable organizational assets and highly determine the overall performance of any business. Many organizations despite having the abilities essential in enhancing performance have slacked due to poor input towards employees concerns.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Performance Appraisal System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, according to Levesque (2007, p.30) employee satisfaction leads to customer satisfaction. In this line, I suggest that employee motivation is the most essential component in business. Effective HRM (human resource management) is vital for optimally exploiting creativity and accomplishing organizational as well as individual goals. Organizational leadership must ensure appropriate integration of different activities and synchronized functioning focusing on organizational goals. Employee motivation is vital for guaranteeing commitment of human capital to the given goals. The answer to motivation is centered on the integration of individual and organizational goals. Hence, managers have to concentrate on important HRM tasks like planning, development, evaluation and compensation. Evaluation entails performance appraisals, scheduling and recommending. This paper investigates the â€Å"good† characteristics of an appraisal system and how the system can be paired with compensation and benefit packages to increase employee motivation. ‘Good’ characteristics of an appraisal framework The success of an appraisal system depends on the involvement of all parties involved. The difference between appraisals and evaluations should be clearly understood by both parties. An evaluation is aimed at objective measurement but an appraisal involves both objective and subjective measurement of employee performance within the period set for review. Therefore, the aim of performance appr aisal is feedback, improvement and assessment (Goel, 2008). The process of implementing performance appraisals is centered on three elements: the job, the employee and the environment of the business. Since these elements are interrelated and interdependent, the appraisal system must be individualized, qualitative, subjective, and focused on solving problems in order to be effective. The system should also be founded on clearly defined and measurable values and indicators of employee performance. Because the system appraises performance rather than personality, personality aspects that are not pertinent to performance must be disregarded from the system. Some of the ‘good’ characteristics of an appraisal system include the following:Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Documented job analysis: the performance goals and job description must be structured, mu tually accepted by and documented for both the employees and managers. Reliability and validity; performance appraisal systems should give reliable, consistent and valid information that an organization can use even in legal ramifications (Goel 2008). If two supervisors are equally qualified to appraise a worker through the same appraisal method, their results should then agree. An appraisal should also satisfy the requirement of validity. For instance, if a system is designed for potential of a worker for promotion, the information it gives must relate to potentialities of the worker to assume higher roles. Communicated to employees; most workers want to know about their job performance. An effective appraisal scheme offers the necessary feedback continuously. The appraisal interview must allow both the employee and the appraiser to understand the existing gaps and plan for a better future. So far, managers must explicitly explain their expectations on various jobs in advance of th e review period. With that understanding, the employees find it easier to learn about the goals and improve their future performance. Participatory and open; for any successful appraisal system, the employees should be involved and allowed to participate via an interview with the appraiser, for feedback. Interview discussion may involve past performance and establishment of future goals. Strategies to accomplish these goals and improve future performance should also be discussed jointly. Such involvement imparts a sense of belonging. Employee appeal; formal procedures must be developed to give room for employees who are dissatisfied with appraisal results. They should be offered options to pursue their complaints and have them handled objectively. Primarily, performance appraisals should be used to develop employees as treasured organizational resources. The system will apparently fail when the managers use it as a whip or fail to understand its restrictions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Performance Appraisal System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supervisor training; since the performance appraisal is vital and somehow difficult, it is necessary to offer training to the appraiser on rating, documenting and interviewing. Being familiar with rating errors can enhance the performance of the rater and hence inject the necessary confidence in the supervisor to consider ratings more objectively (Goel, 2008). Rewards; an effective appraisal system should include both positive and negative rewards in order to initiate impact. The employees use the rewards as yardstick and improve their performance accordingly. Integrating compensation and reward packages Designing and managing reward systems perhaps presents the managers with the most challenging HRM undertaking. Within this area of HRM, there are great inconsistencies between what the literature promises and the practical execution. At the same time, organizations encounter cycles of novelty with higher hopes as the reward networks are improved, only to experience disappointment when they fail to provide results. From a business perspective, rewards are aimed at motivating certain behaviors. Nonetheless, rewards such as compensation should be appreciated as well-timed and connected to successful performance. This means that reward considerations must reflect on the outcome of performance appraisal in order to instill motivation. In today’s competitive environment, business organizations are increasingly establishing compensation goals based on pay-for-performance principle (Goel, 2008). It is agreed that performance appraisal are not complete without the managers tying some rewards to the efforts and performance of the employees. This principle is important in motivating employees to perform with larger effort, resulting in low-wage cost. Pay-for-performance standard refers to different compensation for ms such as incentive pay, cash bonuses, merit pays and gain-sharing plans. All of these forms seek to separate outstanding performers from the pay-for-average performers. As Goel (2008) notes, productivity researches indicate that employees output increases when a firm establishes a pay-for-performance initiative. A number of researches and theories have been developed about how monetary initiatives satisfy and motivate workers (Perry, Engbers Jun, 2009; Arthur Aiman-Smith, 2001; Raghuram Rangaraj, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nearly, all studies on the significance of pay likened to other rewards indicate that pay is significant and constantly ranks top in the list. Merit salary increase and piece-rate incentive systems have been associated with responsible stewardship (Perry, Engbers Jun, 2009). Group and organizational-wide incentives such as gain-sharing plans have been associated with cooperation and fairness in organizations (Arthur Aiman-Smith, 2001). Individual-pay-for performance initiatives have been associated with personal development (Raghuram Rangaraj, 2008). All these suggest that a performance appraisal that involves effective rewards systems is important in motivating employees. Conclusion Employee motivation is a major factor than determines individual performance as well as the overall performance of an organization. Therefore, it is the role of management to design performance appraisals that are accepted by all those involved in order to enhance their effectiveness. Such appraisals must then include the rewarding system which leads to the motivation. Although there are many reward systems, studies reveal that pay-for-performance initiatives are most appropriate to integrate with performance appraisals. References Arthur, J. B. Aiman-Smith, L. (2001). Gainsharing and organizational learning: an analysis of employee suggestion over time. Academy of Management Journal. 44(4), 737-754. Goel, D. (2008). Performance Appraisal and Compensation Management: A Modern Approach. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Levesque, P. (2007). Motivation: powerful motivators that will turbo-charge your workforce. Irvine, CA: Entrepreneur Press. Perry, J. L., Engbers, T. A. Jun, S. Y. (2009). Back to the future? Performance-related pay, empirical research and the perils of persistence. Public Administration Review, 39-51. Raghuram, G. Rangaraj, N. (2008). Formulating the concept, principles and parameters for performance-related incentives (PRI) in government. Retrieved f rom https://www.india.gov.in/ This research paper on Performance Appraisal System was written and submitted by user Tate D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Performance Appraisal System

Character Essay on Emma by Jane Austen

Character Essay on Emma by Jane Austen Introduction Emma by Jane Austen is a masterpiece exploring dangers of misconceived romance. The main character is Emma Woodhouse, a beautiful, ingenious, moneyed young woman (Aiken para. 2). The story opens with Emma attending a wedding of Miss Taylor after which she introduces Mr. Weston; her suitor to Miss Taylor. At this point, the issue of Emma’s overestimation regarding her matchmaking skills comes out clearly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Character Essay on Emma by Jane Austen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though, Mr. Knightley advises her strongly, she statically sticks to her ego and moves on with her new pursuit; she matches Harriet Smith, her new friend, to Mr. Elton. Disregarding the dangers of meddling with other people’s affairs, Emma thinks that Mr. Elton is interested in Harriet and she has to do everything to make sure that Harriet rejects a marriage proposal from Mr. Martin (Austen-Leigh 69). To Emma’s triumph, Harriet rejects Mr. Martin’s proposal. There is no point Emma is letting go of her beliefs, and what is right to her; it is right to others. Emma’s Character Static and somewhat uncreative; Emma is not prepared to adapt to change or compromise her principles for the sake of others (Millar and Machichan 56). For instance, even though her neighbour Mr. Knightly warns her of her ‘meddling’ behavior, she doe not take heed. She blandishes herself that she is the person behind the matching of Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston. She goes to meddle with Harriet’s affairs who gives in to her advances. She says to Harriet, â€Å"I lay it down as a general rule, Harriet, that if a woman doubts as to whether she should accept a man or not, she certainly ought to refuse him. If she can hesitate as to Yes, she ought to say No directly' (Austen 47). This is a true depiction of her static nature. She lays down rules and everyon e has to follow them. Her static nature comes out clearly through the description that the author gives her, She did not always feel so absolutely satisfied with herself, so entirely convinced that her opinions were right and her adversarys wrong, as Mr. Knightley (Austen 23). If Emma were creative and dynamic, she would at least understand other people and let them do things their way. The static nature blinds Emma from appreciating that everyone is entitled to his or her opinion and it does not have to be right always. Her static nature is fostered further by her insensitivity, which comes out clearly in the character of this young woman. Apart from meddling with other people’s affairs, she asserts, â€Å"I have no faith in Mrs. Eltons acknowledging herself the inferior in thought, word, or deed; or in her being under any restraint beyond her own scanty rule of good breeding. I cannot imagine that she will not be continually insulting her visitor with praise, encouragement , and offers of service; that she will not be continually detailing her magnificent intentions from the procuring her a permanent situation to the including her in those delightful exploring parties which are to take place in the barouche-landau† (Austen 264).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She does not seem to care about other people’s feelings. To her, it does not matter if Harriet is in love with Mr. Martin; she has to marry Mr. Elton (SparkNotes Editors para. 6). This has to happen for Emma to get the credit of matchmaking the relationship. To affirm her insensitivity she says, â€Å"Silly things do cease to be silly if they are done by sensible people in an impudent way† (Austen 36). This may be true; however, people have to have their way in doing what they do. This character stems from the fact that Emma is not exposed to the real world w here not everything works for the good of somebody. Dynamism would come along with sensitive and caring nature. Dynamism makes one realize that other people have feelings that calls for respect. Lack of dynamism still comes out in the way jealousy and immaturity stands in Emma’s character. For instance, after Emma realizes how successful Jane is in music world, she envies this talent and consequently hates her. Her immature and static nature of meddling with other people’s issues leads her to speculate and conclude that Jane is in love with Dixon. The reader thinks that Emma would change her behavior as she grows up; unfortunately, she is not set to accept dynamism and accept people the way they are, more so accepting the way she is. Instead of taking time to evaluate herself and know what she wants, she falls in love with Frank because everyone else thinks that theirs is a perfect couple (DailyLit para. 5). Because of her static nature and inability to make mature dec isions, she only loves Knightly after realizing that he likes Harriet. It darted through her with the speed of an arrow that Mr. Knightley must marry no one but herself† (Austen 375). Conclusion Emma by Jane Austen is an interesting story of how misunderstood love may turn out to be. Due to misconceptions about love, coupled with insensitivity and static mindset, Emma does not seem to understand other people. Hers is a selfish ambition of a perfect matchmaker. However, she fails utterly in matchmaking relationships that never came to be. If only Emma were dynamic, she would have realized that this life does not depend entirely on ones opinions; it is wise to listen; heed advice and change with changing times; that is, be dynamic. Aiken, Lorraine. â€Å"Emma.† 2009. Web. https://www.reviewstream.com/reviews/?p=951.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Character Essay on Emma by Jane Austen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lear n More Austen, Jane. â€Å"Emma.† Banes and Noble classics: New York, 2001. Austen-Leigh, Edward. â€Å"A Memoir of Jane Austen.† 1926. Ed. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. DailyLit. â€Å"Emma.† 2009. Web. https://dailylit.com/book/137-emma. Millar, Martin and Mackichan, Doon. â€Å"Jane Austens Emma.† 2001. Web. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Emma.† SparkNotes LLC. 2003. Web.

ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS - Essay Example Looking at the economic growth and development of Asia Pacific, clearly, such developments were due to state policy recommendations (Kraemer, Gurbaxani and King, 1992). For instance, in China and South Korea it emerges that the competitiveness of the economies was sharpened by an active role played by the state in both cases. In the realization of economic development in Asia Pacific region, the state is active in pursuing trade and industrial policies, fostering of human resource development, and in managing the financial sector. As such, the transition of most economies in this region from import-substituting to export-led growth strategies was a strategy to move from interventionist economy to market free economy. The countries affected included Thailand, Taiwan, South Korea, and China. Although this was a measure put in place, no doubt the state intervention continued to arbitrate in the pursuit of trade and industrial policies especially in the period of 1960s through 1970s. The refore, the involvement has continued to manifest through the protection of import-competing sectors in the Asia Pacific region. The region in the 1980s had higher real tariff rates for imports in order to spur their growth rate and protect their industries. The real tariff rates in China and Taiwan, for instance, was 7.60 in 1983 as compared to that of US, which was at 3.24 while Singapore was at 1.83. This was an indication that Taiwan among other countries of Asia Pacific region was ready to protect their locally produced goods. During the transition period to export growth in the region, the states supported numerous mechanisms, which included the creation of uniform and almost equilibrium exchange rates. These exchange rates would then replace the multiple rate structures that were in operation at the time. The support of the state was evident during the time they waited for share of permissible imports to increase then they

Enviornmental Hazard Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enviornmental Hazard - Term Paper Example Oloruntoba(2005) points out that tsunami often moves in all directions and when the huge waves surge into the land, it takes place in different countries and different populations at the same time. Evidently, each culture has different needs as they differ greatly in socio-economic and cultural conditions. So, it becomes necessary for the various relief and donor agencies to adapt themselves according to the environment. As a result, it takes a comparatively longer time for them to get a complete picture of the disaster and the needs. It is pointed out by Oloruntoba that as the destruction is usually large scale, there arise issues in logistics and coordination. To support the claim, the scholar points out that in the 26 December 2004 tsunami, a landing plane hit a cow on the runway causing a blocked runway for many hours in Banda Aceh. According to Oloruntoba (2005) where there is such large scale destruction, the coordination of the relief response in a large geographical area by v arious international and national agencies becomes a difficult task. Two immediate needs when such a disaster occurs are to evacuate the people to safer places and to repair the roads and infrastructure to reach the place of disaster. In addition, there should be measures to prevent spread of diseases and to ensure food and water. However, when the relief operations are not focused on these tasks, there arises a difference between the needed relief and the provided relief. Oloruntoba (2005) points out a factor that no other scholar in this review seemed to have pointed out. That is, often, the promised donations and funds are not delivered by the donors. As Oloruntoba (2005) pointed out, in Darfur, Western Sudan, only one third of the promised financial aids were received after Hurricane Mitch. Here, it seems that Oloruntoba does not look into the fact that NGOs too can lack in communication and coordination abilities. For example, Nisha Sahai Achuthan, on the third anniversary of D ecember 24 tsunami, looked into the way NGOs work in the State of Tamil Nadu in India where there was a lot of destruction. Achuthan (2009) points out that when the scholar contacted one NGO named n-Logue, it was found that despite their claims of having 1500 internet and voice service kiosks in the tsunami hit areas, they could not provide any information about the locations of these kiosks. Admittedly, the work by Nigel Martin (2007) provides a better insight into as to what goes wrong in nations like Indonesia and India in the case of disaster management. It is pointed out that the very first reason for failure is government information systems and management failure. Though the Indian Air Force was informed about the earthquake and tsunami in 2004 at about 7.30 am that day, the crisis management group of Indian government held its meeting at 1.00 pm, exactly five and a half hours after the initial alert. Similar was the situation of Indonesia too. In the view of Martin (2007), t hough Indonesia was alerted by the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, the country seemed to have taken no steps at all. Admittedly, all the scholars point out the fact that the existing political situation in the affected area will have a serious impact on the quality of service provided. When there is discrimination in the existing social system, it becomes a difficult task for the international organizations to offer unbiased attention. The last two

Employment Law and Practice (in Human Resource Management) Essay

Employment Law and Practice (in Human Resource Management) - Essay Example It is because the Directive marks a profound transformation in the traditional deregulated understanding of working hours (IRS 1999). This paper briefly outlines the nature of legal regulation relevant to work time and work-life balance and the regulation’s impact on employers’ practice and concludes that regulation has little impact on actual practice of work-life balance due to the certain provisions. Introduction Regulation 4(1) of Working Time Regulations replicated the Article 6 of the Directive which provides that the working time for any employee in addition to overtime should not exceed from 48 hours per week for every seven days throughout a reference period of 17 weeks (cited in Barnard 1999). Moreover, Britain sought benefits from individual opt-out allowed by Article 18(1) (b) which permitted employees to exceed from 48 hours working limit in agreement with employers. The 1998 Regulations established detailed record keeping rules, however, businesses regarde d that it has ‘gold-plated’ the Directive (Barnard, Simon, and Richard, 2003, p.224). Amendments in Working Time Regulations in 1999 (Barnard, 2000) resulted in the diluted requirements of record keeping. Regulation 4(1) stresses that unless the employer get it in writing, the workers’ working time including overtime shall not go beyond 48 hours in a week. Regulation 4(2) demands from employer to maintain updated records of all the workers who opt-out due to the agreement between employer and employees (cited in Barnard, Simon, and Richard, 2003, p.225). Rationale for the Directive The EC Working Time Directive principally requires its member state to put the limits on the length of working day and week in addition to setting at least a minimum amount of leave that is paid(Lourie,1998,p.7).According to DTI(2001) the Regulation represented striking transformation, in particular for UK, where working time is not much regulated and existing regulation was annulled d uring 198s and 1990s(Cited in Neathey and James,2001,p.1).Formal intention of the Directive was a ensuring health and safety by decrease in long working hours(Goss and Derek 2001,p.205). According to DTI, WTR is perceived to have far reaching implications for UK, it is: â€Å"...due partly to the introduction of Regulations into a previously unregulated area and also to the working time patterns that operate in this country: full-time male and full-time female UK employees work on average considerably longer than those in   Ã‚  other EU countries.†(Cited in Neathey and James, 2001, p.1) When the Working Time Directive was implemented in 1998, the proceeding legislation was perceived to be; productive for the British economy in the form of enhanced productivity and innovation, meet the traditional social policy aims regarding health and safety (the legal justification for implementing the Directive), and to strike a balance between work and family (Barnard, 1999 cited in Bar nard, Simon, and Richard, 2003, p.248). However, Chancellor of the Exchequer in his Budget Statement during 2003 stated that, â€Å"In striking the balance between dynamism and social standards, our position is that no change to European regulations, like the working time directive, should risk British job creation† (cited in Barnard, Simon, and Richard, 2003, p.248). The Statement clearly reveals government’

Everyday Use Analysis Essay Example for Free

Everyday Use Analysis Essay â€Å"Everyday Use† is a short story by â€Å"Alice Walker†, it is a disdainful short story. A story about two sisters and a mom, that the two girls are totally different. Also teaching to stand up for what you want. This story is about a mom and a girl called Maggie that they live alone because the older sibling moved out. In the story Maggie and the mother have not seen how much Dee has changed in over six years. Dee in the short story sees that her sister Maggie and her mother have not change throughout these six years not a bit. In the story Dee and Maggie are examples of foil characters. Maggie is the very shy and polite one out of her and Dee. Maggie was the character that lived with mama, during the story it says that Maggie was burned in a house fire. This character is a character that would just blend into the background because of how shy she was, she wouldn’t talk to much; so she would rather just blend in with the surroundings. Maggie was a foil character because her and mama didnt change nothing throughout the six years that passed, while Dee did change a lot; throughout those six years. Maggie is a good hearted kid, she would rather let Dee have the quilts that were promised to her, instead of fighting over them. Dee is sisters with Maggie in this story, she is the character who is very impolite, or that does things her way. Dee is the only educated character; it says in the short story that she left so that she could be educated. Dee is noticed as a character that does whatever she wants, and have it go her way. One example is that, Dee wears a brightly colored, yellow-and-orange, ankle-length dress that is inappropriate for the warm weather. This shows that she would wear anything she wants even if its inappropriate in any way. In the story mama wouldn’t let Dee have the quilts, and she became furious. This another example that she is very stubborn, because in the end she keeps the quilts. In this story i learned that being generous and polite will get you farther in life, but if you’re stubborn, and impolite you won’t get as far in life.

Jesus is a True Hero Essay -- Religion Christian Christiantiy essays p

Over one third of the world's population call themselves Christians, or those who follow the teachings of Jesus. Jesus presence in the souls of humanity is everywhere. Sunday, the day of Christ’s resurrection, is still a day of rest and worship. The calendar still uses the year of his birth as a starting point, with A.D being after death and B.C being before the death of Christ. There are also major Christian holidays that are celebrated by millions each year, Christmas, the day of Christ’s birth, and Easter, the day of Christ’s resurrection. The life of Jesus is told in the new testament of the bible, which is still one of the best selling books of all time and has been translated in 2,000 different languages. The life and the lessons of Jesus are known by all his followers, the compassion he showed towards all people helped change the world. The life of Jesus is told in the New Testament, one of the most sacred and relished books by people all over the world. His mother was Mary, who was a virgin when he was conceived, and Joseph, a poor carpenter. The life of Jesus is contradictory to other messiahs such as Muhammad or Buddha. He was born in a manger as the son of a carpenter. The life he came from was not what was to be expected of a messiah. The Pharisees did not believe that Jesus was a savior because he did not fit the credentials that they thought a savior should have. Surely, a savior would have been born into a rich family and gone to the best schools. Jesus said â€Å"what shall it profit a man if he gains the whole world but loses his soul.† Meaning that the riches of the world are not worth having if you have to lie and cheat for them. Also a Man who has no money but is true to his faith and to god is richer than a man ... ...ieve in him. Jesus’ death for all of mankind’s sin was not a small sacrifice. Because of the huge sacrifice Jesus made, He can be considered a hero - a person who is admired for something He has done. In this case, Jesus is admired for taking all of mankind’s sin upon Himself. John 15:13 says, â€Å"Greater love has no one than this, that one lay down His life for His friends.† Jesus did just that. He loved every person who ever lived and has yet to live so much that He laid down His life for them. All they have to do is believe with their hearts and minds that what the Bible says He did is true. There are many people who have been harassed, beaten, or even killed for believing this. Every year, it is estimated that 186,000 people are killed for believing in Jesus as their Savior and for refusing to deny their faith in Him. This reveals just how great a hero Jesus is.

Coffee and Mission Essay

Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement Of Nokia Essays and Term Papers Search Results for ‘analysis of mission and vision statement of nokia’ Displaying 1 – 30 of 1,500 * Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement Toyota Indus Motor Company Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement TOYOTA INDUS MOTOR COMPANY LTD. VISION STATEMENT: To be the most respected and successful enterprise, delighting†¦ * Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement Toyota and working toward creating a prosperous society and clean world. ANALYSIS: The vision statement of Toyota Indus Motors Company Ltd is clear and powerfully†¦ * Starbucks Coffee Mission And Vision Statement: concise, and direct for the target audience. Starbucks combine Mission and Vision statement can be broken down into six key elements which are the followings: Coffee†¦ * Mission And Vision Statement seems a bit unnecessary. KHULNA SHIPYARD LIMITED (KSY) Mission and vision statement of this organization have been written tactfully and they are praise worthy†¦ * Mission And Vision Statement exact, measurable, and time-sensitive goals to guide my development; however, the mission and the vision statement offer a solid foundation for building these goals†¦ * Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement Of Nokia. complex and challenging environment. Nokias mission/vision statement analysis In analysing Nokias mission/vision statement Ill be using the 9 essential * * published this * no reads * no comments * Saved * Mission And Vision Analysis Of Pso And Coca Cola order to meet the needs and satisfy the customers. Vision Analysis Conclusion: Overall, Coca-Colas mission and vision statement defines its goals, policies†¦ * Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement Of Nokia. B: SAMPLE RESUME PERSONAL DETAILS * * published this * no reads * no comments * Add to your reading list * Tcs Mission And Vision Analysis Leading change, Learning and Sharing etc are getting reflected in its mission and vision statement. The core value excellence is getting clearly reflected in the * * published this * no reads * no comments * Add to your reading list * Mission & Vision Statements theyve got their mission and vision confused. One is definitely not the other and both are mixed up in this statement. † Today, our mission is to connect people * * published this * no reads * no comments * Add to your reading list * Starbucks Vision And Mission Statement obtain the organizations desired end state. Within the organizations mission and vision statements Starbucks Corporation states that listening to its customer needs.

Prostitution during the 18th and 19th century Essay

Prostitution became a significant of London’s history during the 18th and 19th century. At the time, prostitution was a chronic problem of the public order. It became so big in London that it attracted the attention of many groups such as, â€Å"the church, the state, the medical profession, philanthropists, feminists and others.† (Bartley, 1) All of these groups worked together in order to resolve the problem, even though at the time prostitution was not illegal. However, it was an activity that many felt was socially unacceptable. Prostitution began because Britain was experiencing political and social ferment during the Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution brought up new social groups, which had struggled to exert themselves politically and culturally. (Fisher, 29) During the 18th & 19th centuries London had many deficiencies in their legal system, which can explain the openness of prostitution. A major factor of this problem lays in the fact that almost none of the laws under which prostitutes were most usually arrested in the 18th century referred to their offence by name. Instead, prostitutes were charged for violating laws. At the time, laws of night walking were put into the system. The main objective was to enforce a dawn-to-dusk curfew, so the police could keep the towns under close watch. London decided that it was time for to get involve and find a solution before the city went out of control. First of all, police officers started by taking more action on the streets. Also, they started policing Disorderly houses. In addition groups such as the Reformers, Commentators, Church and others, used their own methods of resolving this problem. Finally, how did the people of London feel towards prostitution and prostitutes? The streets were becoming an unsafe environment for the citizens of London. Prostitutes started occupying the streets of London more frequently. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the policing of London’s streetwalkers were the responsibility of the constables, beadles, patrol, and watchman. Their duties were to enforce and maintain public order. There was a general police force consisting of upper and under Marshals, marshalmen, day and night patrols and even special forces for certain towns or areas such as the Smithfield area. Each city had twenty-six Wards, which in turn produced their own forces such as constables, beadles, and watchmen. All of these men were able to enforce the laws in the proximity of the Ward. Figure 1 & 2. â€Å"The police force was to be responsible for containing street disorder and averting the danger from the uncontrolled and un-socialized classes, the constable role was to act as a domestic missionary, translating and mediating bourgeois values in working-class communities.† (Mahood, 120) In 1784, day patrol was introduced in Westminster, Nevertheless, â€Å"before 1828 no parish anywhere in London had considered it either necessary or desirable to provide†¦ intensive daylight patrols.† (Henderson (1), 191) During that time all the resources devoted their time to nightly watch, as they believed it was more of a crucial period of the day for prostitution. Watchmen were the most intrusive in doing their work, and also reduced the importance of constables. A constable was usually in company with a beadle, whose duties consisted of patrolling the streets of the parish as frequently as possible throughout the night. (Henderson (1),192) However, while on duty, they would instead spend most of their time in a safer area around the watch house. Furthermore, they would not even show up sometimes for duty. Moreover, the Watchman was always expected to be on the streets from dawn till dusk. It was very important for the police to clear up the streets. Solicitors and prostitutes crowded the busy narrow streets of London. It was inevitable either group would come into conflicts with other citizens. The public streets were areas where one could enjoy the view and sights of the beautiful city, in addition to being the main passageways, for vehicles and pedestrians. However, â€Å"to the prostitutes the streets, and squares of London were a workplace.†(Henderson (1), 198) Mr. William Logan was given the duty in 1843 to research and find solutions of prostitution. He was an observer of many streets and brothel houses, and he stated several solutions towards prostitution. One of the solutions was the policing of the streets. He suggests, â€Å"from eight to ten o’clock at night, to bear in mind those who are employed to conduct the evening correspondence and carry it safely.† (Logan,40) Therefore, that crime should, be traced to its source as accurate as possible, and a system of  prevention must be introduced. (Asylums1817, 10) Police forces had many problems in assembling together and during the late 1840’s a quarter of the Edinburgh police force was dismissed annually for misconduct and 63 percent were recorded as drunk on duty. (Mahood, 120) Policing Disorderly house was another solution London brought about to eliminate prostitution. Disorderly and Bawdy houses were controlled, like streetwalking, because of their threat to the well being of the society. â€Å"They were the causes of endless mischief, and tended directly to the overthrow of Men’s bodies, to the wasting of their Livelihoods, and to the endangering of their souls.† (Henderson (1), 253) The general society saw these houses as a place without morals or religious principles, and rather a place of corruption. They were also concerned that the people that worked in the houses were being funded through fraud and robbery. Figure 3. Select Police Committee members in 1816 and 1817 showed great concern of the spread of these cheap licensed houses. They were catered only for thieves and prostitutes. The Committee introduced a license for selling alcoholic drinks, where if the house did not practice the laws, their alcohol license would be removed. The Justices of the Peace had the primary responsibility, to grant these licenses. This procedure began in 1729 and it still in effect today. Before 1729, it was possible to get a license from the Stamp Office, which was a practice that helped keep open the Disorderly Houses. In 1743, the Gin Act was introduced, and in 1751 confirmed and, â€Å"forbade any but tavern, victualling house, inn, coffee house, or alehouse keepers to hold a license to sell spirituous liquors.† (Henderson (1), 257) When it came time to renew licenses, the constable of each Ward or parish was to present to the magistrates a list of those houses requiring a renewal of their license. After that, each Constable would be placed under oath and questioned about the conduct of the house in his district, as well as if any neighbors had made any complaints. (Henderson (1), 258) Even though the Constable had spoken well of the house or not, any person that was present was able to state their objections towards the issue. Representatives of the parish or ward raised most of the objections,  and in some cases there would be the presence of the neighbors. In 1752, London passed the Disorderly House Act. This act encouraged people to turn in the houses and owners into the police. If the information led to a charge, the witness would receive  £20. The houses where divided into three different classes: First, Second, and Third. Figure 4. Wealthy merchants, military officers, and those in the higher circle of society usually visited the First class houses. The Second class houses were mostly intended for businessmen, and blue-collar people. Finally, the Third class houses were for the not so wealthy citizens. As a result of the close monitoring of these houses and liquor licenses, the amount of Disorderly houses dropped, by the end of the 19th century. Other major groups besides the police wanted to get involved to put a stop to prostitution. These groups consisted of Parish committees, Reformers, and Philanthropist. They all contributed in different ways. The Church helped out the police by hiring watchmen, for the area that surrounds them. In 1796, St. James parish in Westminster was employing sixty-four watchmen, six beadles and two inspectors as well as its body of constables. (Henderson (1), 192) Even the smaller parishes helped out and had larger numbers of people working. This was all possible because in Westminster from 1753, on, a series of Watch Acts where introduced. These acts gave individual parishes, or to the City and Liberty as a whole, the right and duty to establish a parochial watch, under the general supervision of the Middlesex Watch Justices of the Peace. (Henderson (1), 190) Also the churches forbade women that were working as prostitutes of any religious rights. If they were still doing the trade until they died, they would not receive proper burial rights. The Church also made its own court and was responsible for maintaining acceptable standards of Christian behavior. (Henderson (2),81) Reformers believed that prostitutes were victims of upper class men who seduced them. However, they also believed that prostitution was the outcome of personal moral weakness, and therefore blamed women for prostitution. (Bartley, 5) â€Å"Moral reformers demanded that the police be granted the authority to curb soliciting and brothel keeping.† (Mahood, 121) The  Reformers believed the only way to eliminate prostitution was to get rid of prostitutes. In turn, they started and founded a variety of institutions, such as large penitentiaries, asylums, and even small homes. These centers were used as places of rehabilitation. Figure 5. These institution centers were located within most large cities and towns. In 1758, in Whitechapel, London the Reform opened up The Magdalen Hospital. It was a great success and thus led to the opening of more institutions. The Church tried not to connect all institutions with a religious aspect, like Lock Hospitals with lock wards. This kind of institution dealt more with unmarried females and tried to treat them for venereal diseases. Figure 5. By the end of the 19th century, a special group was formed, National Union of Women’s Worker (NUWW), whose members met once a year to discuss strategies and to compare practices. (Bartley, 26) Each institution had its own managerial system; the upper and middle class managed most of them. â€Å"There were three main methods of managing a reform institution: some were managed by men who employed female workers as matrons and laundry workers; some where managed jointly by men and women; some were managed by women only.† (Bartley, 27) Reform Institutions had great success. Which resulted in a decline in prostitution. Furthermore, a mixture of clergy and laymen and women ran institutions that were set up by the Church of England. Philanthropists saw prostitution as a problem because of its negative effect on the population. They too implemented institution and ran them similar to the Reform. The majority of the people in London did not agree with prostitution, nor did they understand it. People of London felt that prostitution was affecting the Modernity of London. â€Å"Prostitutes disordered the state and threatened the empire.† (Ogborn, 47) People felt that kids that are surrounded by prostitutes, especially boys would not grow up to be healthy, and productive men because prostitutes were only spreading ruin, disease, and death. Prostitution was an interference of social relations and the geographies that surrounded them, which created new relationships and new spaces. It also was responsible for subverting the relations of the public sphere; even  the hierarchies and equalities of the public sphere were being affected. They also felt that prostitution caused the ruin of families. Prostitutes were looked upon as evil people, and were treated as though they were infected with the plague. They were â€Å"public nuisances† as one shopkeeper describes. â€Å"The activities of prostitutes and their bullies along Fleet street and Ludgate Hill adversely affected their business.† (Henderson (1), 195) It also became hard for all the women in the town, for they were also treated like prostitutes. For example if a woman were walking on the streets just after dusk, she would be harassed and insulted. On the other hand, people believed that men who engaged with prostitutes were not at fault because of the temptation the women give off the male passer-bys. In 1864, the Contagious Disease Act (CD Acts) was passed. It was meant to make paid sex safer for people, especially those in the armed forces. This act was passed because, at the time in the Army and Navy, many men had contracted venereal diseases. So, the government enforced that all women that were practicing prostitution must be inspected. Police were given the authority to arrest any woman that was suspected of practicing prostitution, and make her undergo an internal examination at a Certified Hospital. If a disease were found she would be detained until the disease was cured. Reformers felt that it was fair to say that Prostitution helped spaced out the wealth of men, because there would be different sections in the community. In one area you would have men that were well off and in another area men that were not well off. William Logan describes the girls that he observed were poor and innocent children that were constantly being abused by their supporters. (Logan, 26) It is clear that prostitutes played a very important role during the 18th and 19th centuries, which were modernity times of London. Consequently, it was not a good role. Prostitution affected the development and growth of the city. As a result, the city had to put a stop to the acts and began by policing the streets. They tried to control the narrow overcrowded streets to make them a safer place for other individuals. Secondly, they tried to control Disorderly houses. They achieved this by hiring inspectors and  constables to watch the houses, and even enforced Liquor Licenses. Moreover, groups such as the Church and Reformers had their own techniques to stop prostitution. Both groups built a series of institutions that were treated as rehab centers. Ultimately, citizens of London had their own view and understanding of prostitution. Most felt that it was the ruin of London, and it was affecting the modernization of the city, especially concerning the social relations and the geographies that went along with them. Others felt sorrow for these young girls; they believed they were victims of upper-class men. Although prostitution still exists today, its evolution in the 18th and 19th centuries will be a significant part of London’s history forever. Work Cited Bartley, Puala. Prostitution: Prevention and Reform in England. London: Routledge, 2000. Fisher, Trevor. Prostitution and the Victorians. New York: Sutton, 1997. (1) Henderson, Anthony. Female Prostitution in London 1730-1830. London: University of London, 1992. (2) Henderson, Tony. Disorderly Women in the 18th Century London. New York: Longman, 1999. Logan, William. Female Prostitution in London, Leeds, and Rochdale. London: Personal Observation, 1843. Mahood, Linda. The Magdalenes: Prostitution in the 19th Century. London: Routledge, 1990. Ogborn, Miles. Spaces of Modernity. New York: Guilford Press, 1998. Report of the Committee of the Guardian Society for the preservation of public morals, providing temporary Asylums for Prostitutes. Dec. 1815. Report of the Committee of the Guardian Society for the preservation of public morals, providing temporary Asylums for Prostitutes. Oct. 1817.